Castleshaw
About
The Roman army built its first fort on this Pennine ridge in 79 CE, then demolished it decades later and replaced it with a much smaller fortlet around 105 CE, during Trajan's reign. That reduced garrison post was still standing at Trajan's death in 117 CE, holding the strategic pass on the road between Chester and York. Rome abandoned the site entirely within the following decade, sometime in the 120s. Excavated foundations of both the original fort and its Trajanic successor remain visible on the hillside above Saddleworth.
What happened here
Five hundred men, sometimes a thousand, recruited from a province rather than from citizens, and often stationed a long way from where they were raised. Cavalry units get a bigger fort and far more stabling; the smell tells you which kind you are in before the plan does. The layout copies a legionary fortress at a quarter of the size — headquarters, commander's house, granaries, barracks, a bath house usually built outside the walls because of the fire risk. Duties are patrolling, escorting, customs, and policing rather than pitched battle. After twenty-five years a man is discharged with citizenship for himself and his children, recorded on a bronze diploma he keeps for life. A village grows outside the gate within a decade.
Sources
Nearby
Roman Maps shows the empire frozen at 11 August 117 CE, the day Trajan died — its moment of greatest territorial extent. Explore the full map →