Cotinae
About
Rio Tinto's blood-red waters, stained by pyrite oxidation, marked one of the richest silver and copper districts Rome worked in Iberia. Engineers linked pairs of waterwheels to lift floodwater 30 meters from underground galleries, wooden fragments of which survive today. Two centuries of extraction had passed by 117 CE, the ore worked mostly by chained slave labor. Pliny the Elder named the mining settlement here Cotinae.
What happened here
Work goes on underground by lamplight in shifts, and the lamp is also the clock. Galleries follow the ore, propped with timber, drained by wooden screws and bucket wheels worked by hand in stages up the shaft. Ventilation is a second shaft and a fire to draw the air. The labour is convicts, slaves and paid men working side by side on different terms, and the paid men do the skilled cutting. Above ground the ore is crushed, washed in long channels, and smelted, and the smoke kills the vegetation for miles. Mines of any size are imperial property, leased to contractors under written regulations covering shifts, drainage, bath-house charges and who may open a new gallery. Settlements grow around them fast and empty just as fast.
Sources
Roman Maps shows the empire frozen at 11 August 117 CE, the day Trajan died — its moment of greatest territorial extent. Explore the full map →