Rosia Montana Roman Gold Mines
About
Roman engineers arrived within a year of Trajan's conquest of Dacia and drove galleries deep into these gold-bearing hills, importing Illyrian miners as an entire transplanted community. Waxed writing tablets left underground recorded contracts, wages, and burial-club dues from the settlement above the shafts. By 117 CE the mine was eleven years into what became a century and a half of continuous extraction.
What happened here
Work goes on underground by lamplight in shifts, and the lamp is also the clock. Galleries follow the ore, propped with timber, drained by wooden screws and bucket wheels worked by hand in stages up the shaft. Ventilation is a second shaft and a fire to draw the air. The labour is convicts, slaves and paid men working side by side on different terms, and the paid men do the skilled cutting. Above ground the ore is crushed, washed in long channels, and smelted, and the smoke kills the vegetation for miles. Mines of any size are imperial property, leased to contractors under written regulations covering shifts, drainage, bath-house charges and who may open a new gallery. Settlements grow around them fast and empty just as fast.
In ancient writing
- Tabulae Ceratae Dacicae (Dacian wax tablets, private legal documents), CIL III, pp. 921-960 (also IDR I) CIL III 921-960
A set of wax-coated wooden writing tablets recovered from Roman gold-mining galleries at Alburnus Maior (Rosia Montana) since the 19th century, recording everyday legal acts of the mining settlement: labor contracts, loan and sale agreements, and the charter of a funerary collegium. One well-known tablet records the founding statutes of the collegium of Jupiter Cernenus, naming officers whose dues funded members' funeral expenses.
Sources
Nearby
Roman Maps shows the empire frozen at 11 August 117 CE, the day Trajan died — its moment of greatest territorial extent. Explore the full map →